1. Understanding Learning vs. Acquisition
Core Distinction (Stephen Krashen)
In language pedagogy, Acquisition and Learning represent two distinct processes of developing linguistic competence:
- Language Acquisition: A subconscious, implicit process similar to how children acquire their first language (L1). It occurs naturally through meaningful interaction and exposure to authentic language, prioritizing meaning over form.
- Language Learning: A conscious, explicit process of acquiring formal knowledge about language rules, syntax, and grammar. It typically happens in formal classroom settings through instruction and drill work.
2. Key SLA Theories & Frameworks
| Theoretical Perspective | Key Theorist(s) | Central Concept / Premise |
|---|---|---|
| Monitor Model Hypothesis | Stephen Krashen | Consists of 5 hypotheses: Acquisition-Learning, Natural Order, Monitor, Input ($i+1$), and Affective Filter. |
| Innatist / Nativist Theory | Noam Chomsky | Humans possess an innate Language Acquisition Device (LAD) and Universal Grammar (UG). |
| Behaviorist Theory | B.F. Skinner | Language development is a habit-formation process driven by Stimulus-Response-Reinforcement. |
| Social Constructivism | Lev Vygotsky | Language develops through social interaction within the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) using Scaffolding. |
| Interaction Hypothesis | Michael Long | Negotiation of meaning during interactive tasks makes input comprehensible and drives SLA. |
3. Krashen's Five Hypotheses
Summary of Krashen's Monitor Model
- 1. Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis: Acquisition leads to spontaneous fluency; learning only acts as an editor.
- 2. Monitor Hypothesis: Consciously learned grammar functions only as a "Monitor" or editor to check accuracy when time and knowledge permit.
- 3. Natural Order Hypothesis: Grammatical structures are acquired in a predictable, natural sequence regardless of teaching order.
- 4. Input Hypothesis ($i+1$): Acquisition occurs when learners receive "Comprehensible Input" just one step beyond their current level ($i$).
- 5. Affective Filter Hypothesis: Emotional variables (anxiety, motivation, self-confidence) act as a filter. Low anxiety and high motivation lower the filter, allowing input to reach the LAD.
Set 0 - Study Summary